Within this issue, we are pleased to publish A Model for Standardizing Manipulation Terminology in Physical Therapy Practice, a manuscript by Paul Mintken and colleagues, which provides a model for standardized terminology to describe manipulative techniques regardless of individual clinical practices or schools of thought. Mintken and colleagues were charged with this assignment as part of a t...

This chapter reports work done mostly by one member of the team – a philosopher with substantial AI programming experience, whose primary interests were in the very long term goals of the project, summarised in Chapter 1, including the goal of shedding light on problems solved by biological evolution , and who was not directly involved in the coding but who interacted closely with people who we...

One of the surprising developments in the area of program verification is how ideas introduced by logicians in the early part of the 20th Century ended up yielding by the 21 Century industrial-standard property-specification languages. This development was enabled by the equally unlikely transformation of the mathematical machinery of automata on infinite words, introduced in the early 1960s fo...

Sir Karl Popper is well known for explicating science in falsificationist terms, for which his degree of corroboration formalism, C(h,e,b), has become little more than a symbol. For example, de Queiroz and Poe in this issue argue that C(h,e,b) reduces to a single relative (conditional) probability, p(e,hb), the likelihood of evidence e, given both hypothesis h and background knowledge b, and in...

OBJECTIVE Consciousness is often thought to be that aspect of mind that is least amenable to being understood or replicated by artificial intelligence (AI). The first-personal, subjective, what-it-is-like-to-be-something nature of consciousness is thought to be untouchable by the computations, algorithms, processing and functions of AI method. Since AI is the most promising avenue toward artifi...

During the thirteenth century, the Jews in southern France (called “Provence” in Hebrew sources) experienced a cultural revolution. Following the arrival of Maimonides’ writings and the translation of his Guide of the Perplexed into Hebrew, a very distinctive tradition of philosophy and exegesis was developed. Basic works of Graeco-Arabic and Arabic philosophy were translated into Hebrew, in re...

Choosing an appropriate research strategy is difficult. It requires a deep and honest reflection of one’s own beliefs. It requires commitment to the relationship between the philosophical trinity, the research paradigm, and the research methodology or methodologies. The philosophical trinity answers the questions ‘What exists?’, ‘How do I know?’, and ‘What is valuable? This paper argues that th...

§0. AlonzoChurch’s contributions to philosophy and to thatmost philosophical part of logic, intensional logic, are impressive indeed. He wrote relatively few papers actually devoted to specifically philosophical issues, as distinguished from related technical work in logic. Many of his contributions appear in reviews for The Journal of Symbolic Logic, and it can hardly be maintained that one fi...