BACKGROUND Pharmaceuticals are an integral component of health care systems worldwide, thus, regulatory weaknesses in governance of the pharmaceutical system negatively impact health outcomes especially in developing countries 1. Nigeria is one of a number of countries whose pharmaceutical system has been impacted by corruption and has struggled to curtail the production and trafficking of subs...

THE ETHICAL PHARMACEUTICAL industry is an important one, not so much for its economic size as for the benefits that it delivers to users of its products. The industry has been transformed structurally since the 1940s from a producer of selected chemicals to a research-oriented sector that makes a major contribution to the technology of health care. I Its very success in generating a stream of n...

Despite the importance of patient insurance in the market for prescription pharmaceuticals, little is known about the impact of patient reimbursement on the pricing behavior of pharmaceutical firms. I examine the link between potential patient out-of-pocket expenses and pharmaceutical pricing using a unique policy experiment from Germany. Starting in 1989, a maximum reimbursement for a given me...

OBJECTIVES International reference pricing (IRP) refers to the benchmarking of pharmaceutical prices in one or several other markets when setting or negotiating country-level prices. This policy instrument has been used extensively by payers around the world to regulate pharmaceuticals prices within their jurisdictions. The objective of this research was to characterise the frequency and nature...

Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland Department of Social Pharmacy (Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Economics), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland ESiOR Oy, P.O. Box 1188, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Finland Department of Forensic Mental Health Science...

Innovation and Drug Reimportation: Cost, Value, and Tradeoffs – Economic, Legal, and Public Policy Implications Based on the proceedings of a University of Michigan Center for Medication Use, Policy and Economics symposium, April 18–20, 2004,Washington, D.C. HIGHLIGHTS • Legislation and Pharmaceutical Reimportation • Price Regulation and Innovation • Price Differentials Between Canada and the U...

To successfully meet new challenges, policy-makers may have to bridge between different stakeholders, countries, segments, products and types of health care. Issues regarding policy cooperation and interface management in this field may be related to bridging out-patient and in-patient sectors, medicines and medical devices (treatment packages), pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement, interna...

pharmaceutical industry is currently undergoing a transient phase with new orientation. loss of financial resources, presence of new therapeutic agents and increasing cost of research and development have called for a full.scale restructuring within the pharmaceutical industry to retain even the most basic competitiveness. the development of new technologies has been as one way out of the dilem...

Objectives To identify the policies of major pharmaceutical companies on transparency of trials, to extract structured data detailing each companies' commitments, and to assess concordance with ethical and professional guidance.Design Structured audit.Setting Pharmaceutical companies, worldwide.Participants 42 pharmaceutical companies.Main outcome measures Companies' commitments on sharing summ...

OBJECTIVES A key policy question for the government of Uganda is how to equitably allocate primary health care pharmaceutical budgets to districts. This paper seeks to identify variables influencing current primary health care pharmaceutical expenditure and their usefulness in allocating prospective pharmaceutical budgets to districts. METHODS This was a cross sectional, retrospective observa...