Traumatic iliac venous injury is rare but can be fatal. Although surgical management considered a primary treatment method, urgent required when deep thrombosis and subsequent phlegmasia cerulea dolens combined. It difficult to treat by management, pharmaceutic thrombolysis cannot applied due the trauma history. Here, we describe case of unilateral traumatic diffuse in affected iliofemoral infr...

Innate immunity was for a long time considered to be non-specific because the major function of this system is to digest pathogens and present antigens to the cells involved in acquired immunity. However, recent studies have shown that innate immunity is not non-specific, but is instead sufficiently specific to discriminate self from pathogens through evolutionarily conserved receptors, designa...

A huge amount of evidence has been made available on various adjuvants as immunological auxiliaries. Very few of them, however, have made it into commercial vaccines. Their defining properties and uses are discussed in the following mini-review. WHAT IS AN ADJUVANT? In Freund's words [1] an adjuvant should “evoke very abundant serum antibody production sustained for an unexpectedly long time”. ...

Comparative Evaluation of Mx and Alum as Bio Conventional Adjuvants in Inducing Immune Responses by Influenza DNA Vaccine

Mucosal vaccination, capable of inducing protective immune responses both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments, has many advantages and is regarded as a blue ocean in the vaccine industry. Mucosal vaccines can offer lower costs, better accessability, needle-free delivery, and higher capacity of mass immunizations during pandemics. However, only very limited number of mucosal vaccines...

Since Jules Freund reported that crude mycobacterial extracts greatly promoted immune responses to antigens (1), the use of adjuvants has become a widespread, but poorly understood practice to promote T and B cell responses (2). Recent studies have begun to identify the chemical nature of several adjuvants and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their long-elusive immunologi-cal effects. F...

Nitrous oxide is a useful short-acting adjunct, which provides some analgesia in labor and is effective for procedural analgesia in adults and children in a wide variety of settings. Its adverse effects on vitamin B12, in particular with repeat exposure, require consideration and supplementation to avoid rare, but serious toxicity leading to bone marrow suppression and neuropathy. Continuous in...

Methods Recently, immune adjuvants have been shown to be effective in treating metastatic cancer, with cancer immunotherapy named as the “breakthrough of the year” in 2013. At this time, combining ablation with immune adjuvants is a promising technique for expanding the utility of ultrasound for the treatment of systemic disease. We will briefly review the status of this combined therapy and op...

Vaccine adjuvants are immunostimulatory substances used to improve and modulate the immune response induced by antigens. A better understanding of antigen-adjuvant interactions is necessary ...