In this study, 90 internal organ samples of poultry with symptoms of colibacillosis were obtained from Maragheh poultry farms in East Azerbaijan, Iran. In total, 70 bacterial isolates were confirmed as Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains using standard biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the disk diffusion method. Antibiotics used in this study included ampicillin, pe...

Background and Aims: In the current study, two bacteriophages were isolated from the wastewater sources and characterized by lytic activity against the Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) bacterium. Materials and Methods:  50 wastewater samples were collected from the disposal sites. The phages were isolated from the treated samples using the double agar overlay method with L. monocytoge...

Objectives: Evaluation of therapeutic effects of Carum copticum (C. copticum) has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Thymol the major component of C. copticum is a widely known anti-microbial agent. In this study, the antibacterial and anti viral activities of essential oil of C. copticum fruit were determined. Materials and Methods: Essential oil of C. copticum was analyzed ...

Phages possess the ability to selectively eliminate pathogenic bacteria by recognizing bacterial surface receptors. Since their discovery, phages have been recognized for potent bactericidal properties, making them a promising alternative antibiotics in context of rising antibiotic resistance. However, rapid emergence phage-resistant strains (generally involving temperature phage) and limited h...

Serum titers of antibody to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA) have been positively correlated with malignancies of lymphoid proliferation, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. We have constructed a phage display combinatorial antibody Fab library from a patient with marginal zone B cell lymphoma associated with Sjögren's syndrome and carrying high serum anti-EBV-...

Nanobodies are the smallest natural fragments with useful properties such as high affinity, distinct paratope and high stability, which make them an ideal tool for detecting target antigens. In this study, we generated and characterized nanobodies against the Cry1Ac toxin and applied them in a biotin-streptavidin based double antibodies (nanobodies) sandwich-ELISA (DAS-ELISA) assay. After immun...

The carbohydrate larval antigen, CarLA, is present on the exposed surface of all strongylid nematode infective L3 larvae tested, and antibodies against CarLA can promote rapid immune rejection of incoming Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae in sheep. A library of ovine recombinant single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments, displayed on phage, was prepared from B cell mRNA of field-immune shee...

Among the 12 glycoproteins of the Herpes simplex virus type 1 envelope (HSV-1), glycoprotein D (gD) plays a critical role in the entry of the virus into target cells and cell-to-cell spread. gD is an attractive target for molecular intervention and monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein has decreased the severity of experimental HSV-1 infection in animal studies. Single chain antibodies whi...

Sequencing of the human genome reveals that there are approximately 30,000 genes that encode an even greater number of proteins which comprise the human proteome. Characterization of gene products at the genome-wide scale requires the development of high throughput methods to generate temporo-spatial information on each and every protein in the cell under normal and pathological conditions. Mon...

Crystallographic studies of membrane proteins have been steadily increasing despite their unique physical properties that hinder crystal formation. Co-crystallization with antibody fragments has emerged as a promising solution to obtain diffraction quality crystals. Antibody binding to the target membrane protein can yield a homogenous population of the protein. Interantibody interactions can a...