Ground and surface water contamination resulting from the leakage of crude oil and refined petroleum products is a serious and growing environmental problem throughout the world. Consequently, a study of the use of electrochemical treatment in the clean-up was undertaken with the aim of reducing the water contamination by aromatic pollutants to more acceptable levels. In the experiments describ...

The effect of insecure ownership on ordinary investment and on the exploitation of natural resources is examined. Insecure ownership is characterized as a positive probability that a typical asset or its future return will be confiscated. For empirical analysis, the probability of confiscation is modeled as a function of observable political attributes of countries, principally the type of gove...

Petroleum-derived liquid fuels and commodities play a part in nearly every aspect of modern daily life. However, dependence on this one natural resource to maintain modern amenities has caused negative environmental and geopolitical ramifications. In an effort to replace petroleum, technologies to synthesize liquid fuels and other commodities from renewable biomass are being developed. Current ...

Biomarker molecules are valuable for the elucidation of ancient microbial ecosystems and the characterization of petroleum source rocks. For such studies, acquisition of reliable hydrocarbon data and proof of their syngeneity are essential. However, contamination of geological samples with anthropogenic petroleum products during drilling, storage and sampling can be particularly problematic bec...

Optimal Planning for Transportation of Petroleum Products via Pipe-line According to the Demand Time Window Minimizing Costs

BACKGROUND One of the most important environmental problems is the decontamination of petroleum hydrocarbons polluted soil, particularly in the oil-rich country. Bioremediation is the most effective way to remove these pollutants in the soil. Spent mushroom compost has great ability to decompose lignin-like pollution. The purpose of this study was the bioremediation of soil contaminated with cr...

The great demand for, and impending depletion of petroleum reserves, the associated impact of fossil fuel consumption on the environment, and volatility in the energy market have elicited extensive research on alternative sources of traditional petroleum-derived products such as biofuels and bio-chemicals. Fossil oil is largely associated with gasoline, however, approximately 6000 petroleum-der...

Many hydrocarbon reactions of interest involve either poorly characterized reactants and products andor large numbers of simultaneous reactions. An important step in understanding the behavior of such systems is to develop quantitative pictures of the feeds and products and the transformations which connect them. The processes for constructing these reaction visualizations is illustrated by exa...