We present an exact, closed expression for the expected neutral Site Frequency Spectrum for two neutral sites, 2-SFS, without recombination. This spectrum is the immediate extension of the well known single site θ/f neutral SFS. Similar formulae are also provided for the case of the expected SFS of sites that are linked to a focal neutral mutation of known frequency. Formulae for finite samples...

Tearing-mode stability properties are investigated at marginal stability (u=0) for a rotating, nonrelativistic cylindrically symmetric ion layer immersed in an axial magnetic field B0 (r)^ = [B +Bs(r)]^ z Lz 0 Z Jz The analysis is carried out within the framework of a Vlasov-fluid model in which the electrons are described as a macroscopic, cold fluid, and the layer ions are described by the Vl...

Whereas studies have extensively examined the ability of bacteria to influence Plasmodium infection in the mosquito, the tripartite interactions between non-entomopathogenic fungi, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium parasites remain largely uncharacterized. Here we report the isolation of a common mosquito-associated ascomycete fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum, from the midgut of field-caught Anopheles ...

BACKGROUND In the endometrium the steroid hormone progesterone (P), acting through its nuclear receptors, regulates the expression of specific target genes and gene networks required for endometrial maturation. Proper endometrial maturation is considered a requirement for embryo implantation. Endometrial receptivity is a complex process that is spatially and temporally restricted and the identi...

Opioid addiction has become a global epidemic and a national health crisis in recent years, with the number of opioid overdose fatalities steadily increasing since the 1990s. In contrast to the dynamics of a typical illicit drug or disease epidemic, opioid addiction has its roots in legal, prescription medication a fact which greatly increases the exposed population and provides additional drug...

When evaluating the ecological value of land use within a landscape, investigators typically rely on measures of habitat selection and habitat quality. Traditional measures of habitat selection and habitat quality require data from resource intensive study designs (e.g., telemetry, mark–recapture, or multi–season point counts). Often, managers must evaluate ecological value despite only having ...

Accommodation of the fetoplacental unit in human pregnancy requires maternal immune tolerance to this "semiallograft". Local antiplacental immunity is modified by synthesis of uncommon histocompatibility Ags (e.g., HLA-G), growth factors, and cytokines by the placenta. Placental interleukins have been identified in reproductive tissues, but their roles in adaptive maternal immunity and determin...

Adiponectin and leptin, two adipose-tissue-derived proteins, have been reported to be elevated in women with established PE (pre-eclampsia). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether alterations in adiponectin and leptin levels predate the development of PE and FGR (fetal growth restriction) in women at increased risk of these complications, as assessed by Doppler examination of t...

Serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin and mast cell tryptase can act on different cell types through protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors have been shown to be implicated in several phenomena such as inflammation, platelet activation, immune response and atherosclerosis. Several studies recently reported PARs expression on neurons and some of them demonstrated that these re...

The intra-erythrocytic proliferation of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum requires massive synthesis of PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) that together with phosphatidylcholine constitute the bulk of the malaria membrane lipids. PE is mainly synthesized de novo by the CDP:ethanolamine-dependent Kennedy pathway. We previously showed that inhibition of PE biosynthesis led to parasite d...