The paper presents the experiences made with the design and implementation of the PEACE message-passing kernel. PEACE is the object-oriented parallel operating system developed for the MANNA parallel computer. MANNA is a dual-processor-node distributed-memory machine using crossbar technology for node interconnection. Performance figures of the PEACE kernel configurations are presented and thei...

Peace is the parallel operating system developed for Suprenum. Originally designed as object-based operating system relying on a microker-nel, in the meantime an evolutionary change toward object orientation took place. Based on a kernel family, this new generation Peace system was designed to act as \software backplane" for parallel computing. The rationale for this metamorphosis is presented,...

This article introduces the Peace Accords Matrix Implementation Dataset (PAM_ID). We present time-series data on the implementation of 51 provisions in 34 comprehensive peace agreements negotiated in civil wars since 1989. We follow the implementation process for up to ten years following the signing of each agreement. The data provide new insights into the types of provisions that are more or ...

Once a set of civil war actors reach a final peace agreement, a number of different implementation sequences are possible as the negotiated provisions are put into practice. We focus on a key but threatening stepping stone in the post-accord period—the holding of the first post-accord election—which has the capacity to be a stabilizing or destabilizing force. We identify effective accommodation...

Peace is commonly considered as 'absence of war'. Nevertheless, peace the so called 'positive peace' (Galtung, 1996) – implies a lot more than this. It implies the creation of a society based on social justice through equal opportunity, a fair distribution of power and resources, equal protection and impartial enforcement of law, and above all, mutual cultural understanding and respect. Th us, ...

Achieving peace and building the institutions that will make it last require much time and e¤ort on the part of adversaries. While making this e¤ort, the likelihood of peace is uncertain and preparations forcon‡ict are on-going. We examine a setting that takes such considerations into account. Adversaries divide their resources between “guns,”“butter,” and investments in con‡ict management. Eve...

l Salvador’s civil war claimed 75,000 lives, lasted 12 years, and devastated the country in ways felt to this day. Even so, U.S. counterinsurgency scholars often point to El Salvador as a success story and source of lessons for wars to come. Through military and economic aid, and the deployment of 55 advisers to assist with the counterinsurgency effort, the United States helped the San Salvador...

We consider the conditions of peace and violence among ethnic groups, testing a theory designed to predict the locations of violence and interventions that can promote peace. Characterizing the model's success in predicting peace requires examples where peace prevails despite diversity. Switzerland is recognized as a country of peace, stability and prosperity. This is surprising because of its ...