The world has experienced a decline in maternal and child mortality the last few decades, increase global health expenditure over years was major factor responsible for that. But Africa other developing countries, rate of been soaring. objective this paper is to investigate impact on African countries at different income level. On note, based panel data covering period 2000 2017 39 countries. A...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: C23 F31 Keywords: Purchasing power parity Panel SURKSS test with a Fourier function Latin American countries This study applies Panel SURKSS test with a Fourier function to investigate the properties of long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) in fifteen Latin American countries over the period of December 1994 to February 2010. The empirical results from...

The two-break unit root test of Lumsdaine and Papell (1997) is examined and found to suffer from bias and spurious rejections in the presence of structural breaks under the null. A two-break minimum LM unit root test is proposed as a remedy. The two-break LM test does not suffer from bias and spurious rejections and is mostly invariant to the size, location, and misspecification of the breaks. ...

In this paper, we propose a minimum LM unit root test that endogenously determines a structural break in intercept and trend. Critical values are provided, and size and power properties are compared to the endogenous one-break unit root test of Zivot and Andrews (1992). Nunes, Newbold, and Kuan (1997) and Lee and Strazicich (2001) previously demonstrated that the Zivot and Andrews test exhibits...

We demonstrate that panel unit root tests can have high power when a small fraction of the series is stationary and may lack power when a large fraction is stationary. The acceptance or rejection of the null is thus not sufficient evidence to conclude that all series have a unit root or that all are stationary.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a response surface analysis for the …nite sample distributions of two popular panel unit root tests developed by Chang (2002) and Chang and Song (2005). Numerical distributions illustrate signi…cant di¤erences between …nite sample and large sample properties. Dependence of …nite sample bias on sample size is investigated. The paper provides 95% con…dence intervals for the cr...

This paper considers the statistical analysis of large panel data sets where even after conditioning on common observed e¤ects the cross section units might remain dependently distributed. This could arise when the cross section units are subject to unobserved common e¤ects and/or if there are spill over e¤ects due to spatial or other forms of local dependencies. The paper provides an overview ...

Both seasonal unit roots and periodic variation can be prevalent in data. In the testing of under variation, validity existing methods, such as HEGY test, remains unknown. The behavior augmented test unaugmented is analyzed. It turns out that asymptotic null distributions statistics single at 1 or − when there are identical to no variation. On other hand, any coexistence 1, , i non-standard dif...