the present study is an attempt to contribute to the l2 acquisition research through finding an appropriate answer to the question usually asked by both language teachers and learners, namely how to learn vocabulary and how to retain meanings in memory over time. we have chosen to discover the effects of two major types of productive exercises, writing and oral production exercises, on the reme...

Including individual as a independent random effect in the latent field is implemented the same way in INLA for all case studies in house sparrow population (Gaussian, binomial and Poisson). Note that in the Gaussian case study we have repeated measurements, i.e. possible several observation for each individual random effect, while in the binomial and Poisson cases there are only one observatio...

In this paper, we propose a method for the evaluation of relative and impact external efficiency of university studies as effects of education on the long-term income of graduates. In order to evaluate the “ceteris paribus” levels and growth we applied a multilevel longitudinal model with random effects. The variables used in our analysis refer to Human Capital studies. The Bank of Italy has co...