The wrinkle layer is a dorsal shell structure occurring in a number of ammonoids, but its function is still debated. Here, we describe, from Moroccan material of the Early Carboniferous species Maxigoniatites saourensis (Pareyn, 1961), the most conspicuous wrinkle layer known within the Ammonoidea. This additional shell layer occurs in the ventrolateral portion of the adult body chamber and for...

This article examines the main elements of subject and spiritual culture Kazakh traditional wooden ornament. The study primordially preserved original wood products crafts carpenters 18th – early 20th centuries. Review works peoples Central Asia on art woodcarving, design decoration. Including «Kazakh yurt» by M. S. Mukanov, voluminous research work H. Argynbaev «Craft people», «The crafts» Zha...

In a reliable signalling system, individual quality is expected to mediate the costs associated with ornamental displays, with relatively lower costs being paid by individuals of higher quality. These relative costs should depend not only on individual quality, but also on levels of intra-sexual competition. We explored the current and delayed effects that testosterone implants have on bird orn...