SIR—Dysphagia is associated with many neurological and neuromuscular conditions including stroke and Parkinson’s disease. Consequently dysphagia is a common condition in our patient population. Treatment of dysphagia necessitates the use of thickened fluids, however there are problems with the use of thickener. Failure to achieve the recommended consistency can increase the risk of aspiration. ...

Several evidences have indicated that many nuclei in the brain have critical role in water intake. Angiotensin II is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in regulation of fluid homeostasis. In this study, the interaction of i.c.v. injection of captopril and histamine on water intake in adult male water-deprived rats was investigated. Rats were implanted with guide cannula aimed ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in oral fluid, blood, and urine after healthy volunteers drank two doses of ethanol, 0.5 (n = 11) and 1.0 g/kg (n = 10), after an overnight fast. Samples of oral fluid, blood, and urine were collected before drinking started and at 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 8.5, 11.5, and 24 h post-dosing. Following ingestion of low dos...

Unrestrained rats received continuous and discontinuous intravenous infusions of nutritive substances over long periods, and the effects on energy regulation were examined. Oral food intake was decreased by all glucidic infusions, but by less than the theoretical (caloric) value of the infused substances. A residual oral food intake thus persisted when the energy needs were supplied intravenous...

Objective: To assess the effects of oral fluids and intravenous in terms frequency improving Amniotic Fluid Index during third trimester pregnancy having oligohydramnios.Study Design: Comparative prospective survey.
 Place Duration Study: Obstetrics Gynaecological Department Fauji Foundation HospitalRawalpindi, from Apr 2018 to Oct 2018.
 Methodology: A total 100 patients with singlet...

The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining normal tissue hydration and serum sodium level. In haemodialysis patients, with impaired or absent kidney function, fluid status is managed by removing excess fluid using ultrafiltration and by restricting dietary sodium intake. Ideally, haemodialysis patients should remain close to normal hydration throughout the interdialytic period, with minimal p...

Various reports indicate that humans receive 20-25% of their daily water intake from food. Fruits, vegetables and other high-moisture foods, therefore, make an important contribution to total fluid intake. In addition, co-ingestion of other nutrients and ingredients can impact drinking behavior, absorption, distribution and retention of water, all of which contribute to the person's hydration s...

Recent studies investigating ultraendurance athletes showed an association between excessive fluid intake and swelling of the lower limbs such as the feet. To date, this association has been investigated in single-stage ultraendurance races, but not in multistage ultraendurance races. In this case study, we investigated a potential association between fluid intake and feet swelling in a multist...

Undernutrition contributes to poor clinical outcomes in hospitalised elderly patients but the potential impact of oral nutritional supplements may be reduced by suppressing subsequent food intake. We investigated this possibility in elderly female patients recovering mainly from hip fracture by studying the effect of oral supplements on subsequent food intake during an ad libitum buffet luncheo...

BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMP) concentrations in 200 plasma and 590 oral fluid specimens were used to evaluate METH pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral administration of sustained-release METH. METHODS Eight participants received four oral 10-mg S-(+)-METH hydrochloride sustained-release tablets within 7 days. Three weeks later, five participants received...