Published reports have described an increased incidence of adenomas and of hepatocellular carcinomas in livers of women with a history of long-term oral contraceptive use. Evidence derived from human and experimental animals suggests that oral contraceptive steroids may be liver tumor promoters. Experiments were designed to determine the initiating and/or promoting potential of two oral contrac...

Downlo kground: Oral contraceptive formulations have changed over time, making it relevant to assess the of more recent formulations on breast cancer risk. In addition, some studies have found stronger posisociations of oral contraceptive use with estrogen receptor–negative (ER) than with ER-positive (ER) cancer. We carried out the first assessment of the effect of oral contraceptive use on the...

OBJECTIVE To investigate if continuation rates in first-time users of oral hormonal contraceptives differed between different formulations and to measure if the rates were related to the prescribing categories, that is, physicians and midwives. DESIGN A longitudinal national population-based registry study. SETTING The Swedish prescribed drug register. PARTICIPANTS All women born between ...

Diana Mansour, in her commentary1 in the July 2011 issue of this Journal, pointed out the inadequacy of the wording of the emergency contraception advice in the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority’s Combined Oral Contraceptives (The Pill): When to Start Taking The Pill, and Missed Pill Advice.2 We also need to remember the women who have forgotten one pill in the week before ...

This paper reports the results of a study conducted in a black residential township in South Africa, Daveyton, to determine the factors associated with perceived side effects among users of oral contraceptives (OCs), injectable contraception, and the IUD. 3 samples of 200 respondents each were drawn for each of these contraceptive methods from the records of a township health clinic; women wer...

Introduction Eighty per cent of contraceptive care occurs in the general practice setting. UK Medical Eligibility Criteria provides clear guidelines for the safe provision of appropriate contraception. The Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence offer further recommendations for initiation and continuation of the combined contraceptive...

Side effects of oral contraceptives are a noteworthy problem, particularly among low-income young women who reside in inner-city communities. The problem may be compounded by inadequate family planning services, particularly when such services are provided by general medical practices with high volumes of clients. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of pill-related side effects, w...

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and correlates of dual-contraceptive methods use (condoms and an effective pregnancy prevention method) and barriers to their use among married persons living with HIV (PLHIV) in India. METHODS We conducted a quantitative survey (93 men, 97 women), 25 in-depth interviews, seven focus groups, and five key informant interviews. RESULTS Prevalence of dual-c...

CONTEXT California is one of eight states that allow a woman to obtain emergency contraceptives from a pharmacy without a physician prescription. Because many women do not know about emergency contraception or direct pharmacy access, it is important to understand barriers to getting the method and women's reasons for choosing the pharmacy option. METHODS In a 2004 survey at 25 predominantly i...