This paper presents an exploratory study for identification and quantification of the economic benefits or implications associated with wing cost variations. A hierarchical cost model structure is used to determine life cycle effects of design and manufacturing alternatives for the major structural components of the wing of a High Speed Civil Transport aircraft concept. Preliminary results are ...

The emphasis on high aspect ratio micromachining techniques for microsystems/MEMS has been mainly to achieve novel devices with, for example, high sensing or actuation performance. Often these utilize deep structures (100–1,000 lm) with vertical wall layers but with relatively modest spatial resolution (1–10 lm). As these techniques move from research to industrial manufacture, the capital cost...

The sewer layout in flat areas significantly influences the construction and operational costs as well as reliability of the network performance. To find an optimum design of sewer networks for flat areas, this study presents a multi-objective optimization problem with the objective functions of 1- the cost and 2- the reliability. The reliability criterion is defined as the effect of a clogging...

Photosynthetic systems harness sunlight to power most life on Earth. In the initial steps of photosynthetic light harvesting, absorbed energy is converted to chemical energy with near-unity quantum efficiency. This is achieved by an efficient, directional and regulated flow of energy through a network of proteins. Here, we discuss the following three key principles of this flow and of photosynt...

this research aims to study the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company. the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company has been studied separately for materials, manpower, machinery, and whole of company. in this study, traditional method was used to collect quality costs and paf model was used to determine the components of ...

Rapid growth in a number of vehicles on roadways accelerates pavement deterioration trends. Pavement inefficiency in carrying the applied load from passing vehicles results in spending significant costs on continues Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) treatments. Lane closure owing to the implementation of M&R operations incurs enormous costs on road users. The research aimed to calculate, and...

The problem of the optimal siting and placement static compensates (STATCOMs) in power systems is addressed this paper from an exact mathematical optimization point view. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to present was developed with aim minimizing annual operating costs system, which sum energy losses installation STATCOMs. has constraints regarding active reactive balance equations...

The purpose of this study was to the effect Sales, Operational Costs on net income. data in were obtained from Karawang Cipta Grafika financial report. population is 48 that has been outlier 46 with 4 years research 2016- 2019 so number samples samples. sampling technique used saturation sampling. recovery method descriptive interaction. Data analyzed using multiple linear regression. results s...