We report room-temperature operation of what we believe is the first continuous-wave laser that relies exclusively on cooperative upconversion by coupled ion pairs to achieve population inversion.

Operating room scheduling is an important task in healthcare sector. This study proposes a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) mathematical model for the scheduling of the operating rooms. In the presented model, apart from scheduling the patients’ surgery process, shifting of the medical staff is also carried out. The innovation considered in the proposed model is aimed at prioritizing...

for over the past several decades, there has been a great concern about energy crisis and lackof non-renewable resources. residential buildings take more than 25% of the total energy consumption and morethan 75% of energy consumption in these buildings is for heating, cooling and hot sanitary water. on the other hand,traditional buildings of iran were designed according to ecological conditions...