Introduction Budget dynamics may sound as a contradiction in terms to scholars familiar with Wildavsky and colleagues' seminal work on public budgeting (Wildavsky 1964). As stated by Davis, Dempster, and Wildavsky (1966, 529): " This year's budget is based on last year's budget, with special attention given to a narrow range of increases or decreases. " For some years this simple model was cons...

We study optimal procurement mechanisms for a financially constrained buyer subject to ex post incentive compatibility and individual rationality. In our setup, a buyer who has a fixed budget wishes to purchase a homogeneous product up to a maximum demand amount. We characterize the optimal mechanism when the budget constraint always binds and when the maximum demand constraint always binds. Wh...

n engl j med 368;14 nejm.org april 4, 2013 1269 for the final 7 months of fiscal year 2013. These reductions will have adverse effects on many important governmental functions and activities affecting both the health sector and the health of Americans. Why is this happening, and what will the impact be on the U.S. health sector? In August 2011, in an agreement to raise the nation’s debt ceiling...

The application model for the energy consumption of a node as a function of its throughput in a wireless CSMA network. We first model a single-hop network, and then a multi-hop network. We show that operating the CSMA network at a high throughput is energy inefficient since unsuccessful carrier sensing attempts increase the energy consumption per transmitted bit. Operating the network at a low ...

Tadashi Takano Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan Abstract. The performances of optical and radio frequency communication systems are compared for long distance applications, such as deep space communications, where the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is crucial. We compare an optical communication syst...

The performance of the emerging chip multithreaded symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) is of great importance to the high performance computing community. However, the growing power consumption of such systems is of increasing concern, and techniques that can be used to increase overall system power efficiency while sustaining performance are very desirable. Operating system (OS) noise can have a ...