1 Paper prepared for UNDP/IDB/World Bank/CEPAL project " Balance of Payments Liberalization, Distribution and Poverty in Latin America " and originally presented at project seminar in Rio de Janeiro, other seminar participants, as well as to Geske Dijkstra and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on a previous draft. The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of...

Introduction The renewed interest in gas, which started in the 1990s due to its excellent environmental credentials, has seen an increase in the order book for LNG carriers – LNG carriers being the leviathans of the gas carrier fleet. Yet, while attracting great interest, the gas trade still employs relatively few ships in comparison to oil tankers, and hence its inner workings are little known...

Second, Russia benefits from high commodity prices and the increasing dependence on oil and gas by Western countries. In the year 2006, Russia expected a balance of trade surplus of several billion Rubles. This has also positive effects on average salaries. As most of salaries and wages are paid without taxes (on the black market), people get gross for net salary. Instead of generating deficits...

• After palm oil was brought to South East Asia from central Africa in the 20 century the worldwide production has grown by 65 percent over the past decade. Demand is still increasing, especially after the European Union agreed to its 10 percent target for biofuels in their total transport consumption. • As biggest and second biggest producer of palm oil Indonesia and Malaysia account together ...

Avian vision is highly developed, with bird retinas containing rod and double-cone photoreceptors, plus four classes of single cones subserving tetrachromatic colour vision. Cones contain an oil droplet, rich in carotenoid pigments (except VS/ultraviolet-sensitive cones), that acts as a filter, substantially modifying light detected by the photoreceptor. Using dietary manipulations, we tested t...

a r t i c l e i n f o A global computable general equilibrium model is used to analyze the economic impacts of rising oil prices with endogenously determined availability of biofuels to mitigate those impacts. The negative effects on the global economy are comparable to those found in other studies, but the impacts are unevenly distributed across countries/regions or sectors. The agricultural s...

Petrobarter--the exchange of oil for goods and services without reference to monetary currency--has been a widespread and underappreciated practice among corporations, states, and state agencies over the past half century. Analyzing this practice with reference to anthropological theories of barter adds to our understandings of two significant and intertwined concerns in contemporary social sci...

In the UK, the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) supports its most important shellfish fishery. Nephrops are sold either whole, or as "tails-only" for the scampi trade. In the "tailing" process, the "head" (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste. A smaller crustacean species, the Antarctic krill Euphasia superba, represents an economically valuable industry, as its extractable oil is sold as a...