Introduction: Although Enceladus has garnered the greatest attention, Saturn’s other icy moons also betray a diverse range of phenomenon (e.g., Rhea‘s ring, Iapetus‘ ridge, Tethys’ fracture). Even in Voyager’s limited global mapping, some cryptic evidence of resurfacing was evident [e.g., 1, 2]. Global mapping by Cassini reveals that a large resurfaced terrain covers much of the leading hemisph...

We use hydrodynamic modelling combined with known data on mantle melting behaviour to examine the potential for decompression melting of lithosphere beneath a large terrestrial impact crater. This mechanism may generate sufficient quantity of melt to auto-obliterate the crater. Melting would initiate almost instantaneously, but the effects of such massive mantle melting may trigger long-lived m...

The controversial claim that El Niño events might be partially caused by radiative forcing due to volcanic aerosols is reassessed. Building on the work of Mann et al., estimates of volcanic forcing over the past millennium and a climate model of intermediate complexity are used to draw a diagram of El Niño likelihood as a function of the intensity of volcanic forcing. It is shown that in the co...

The average chemical compositions of the continental crust and the oceanic crust (represented by MORB), normalized to primitive mantle values and plotted as functions of the apparent bulk partition coefficient of each element, form surprisingly simple, complementary concentration patterns. In the continental crust, the maximum concentrations are on the order of 50 to 100 times the primitive-man...

mud volcanoes are defined as main elements of geological structures and ways through and within which buried argillaceous loose sediments and lithified rocks. the gharniaregh tappeh and naftelijeh mud volcanoes are the most attractive geomorphological phenomena in continental which appear along the eastern coast of the caspian sea. the naftelijeh mud volcano is more active than gharniaregh–tapp...

Volcanism can play a key role in modulating climate; however, lack of historical records has limited our comprehension Antarctic volcanism and its on the cryosphere. Remote sensing provide insight into active Antarctica during satellite era, although evidence is often inconclusive. Here, we use independent from ice cores to validate one such potential volcanic eruption sub-Antarctic Balleny Isl...

During explosive eruptions, airborne particles collide and stick together, accelerating the fallout of volcanic ash and climate-forcing aerosols. This aggregation process remains a major source of uncertainty both in ash dispersal forecasting and interpretation of eruptions from the geological record. Here we illuminate the mechanisms and timescales of particle aggregation from a well-character...