[1] The abundant atmospheric data provided by radio occultation (RO) via the Global Positioning System satellite network have improved short and long-term forecasts and have demonstrated the potential to provide a long-term, consistent, and independent climate dataset. Previous studies have already verified the consistency and reliability of the RO method, listing a range of precision estimates...

We provide an assessment of the backpropagation (BP) method for processing GPS radio occultations using simulations as well as recent data from CHAMP and SAC-C. It is found that BP gives improved retrievals over the standard Doppler technique, even when multipath ambiguities are not completely removed. In addition, by being an amplitude-weighted algorithm, BP is robust in the presence of receiv...

Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) is a 3-channel spectrometer suite that currently orbiting Mars onboard ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, measuring the composition of Martian atmosphere in unprecedented detail. Of three channels, two operate infrared: Solar (SO) channel observes gas species 2.2–4.3 ??m spectral region solar occultation mode, while Limb, (LNO) 2.2–3.8 can limb-, n...

although our religious doctrines have given special importance to the execution of legal punishments and penalties for their conventional outcomes, the execution of legal punishments or their suspension in the age of occultation of the infallible imam (a.s.) has been one of the controversial issues in jurisprudence, to the extent that it has created two conflicting fronts; one, a group of disti...

We report the discovery of planet Kepler-12b (KOI-20), which at 1.695± 0.030 RJ is among the handful of planets with super-inflated radii above 1.65 RJ. Orbiting its slightly evolved G0 host with a 4.438-day period, this 0.431± 0.041 MJ planet is the least-irradiated within this largest-planet-radius group, which has important implications for planetary physics. The planet’s inflated radius and...