AIM To examine the role of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) in noxious heat stimulation and in the effects of morphine-induced antinociception by rats. METHODS After the cholinergic neuron selective toxin, AF64A, was microinjected into the NRM, we examined changes in the antinociceptive threshold and effects of morphine (5 mg/kg, ip) using the hot-plate (HP) and tail-flic...

Recent evidence suggests that neurons in the medullary raphe are critical to the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), the major source of nonshivering heat production in the rat. Yet it is unclear which medullary raphe cells participate in cold defense and how participating cells contribute to BAT activation. Therefore, we recorded extracellularly from raphe cells during three thermoregula...

The present study investigated the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on nociception in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the interaction between CGRP and opioid peptides in NRM of rats. CGRP-like immunoreactivity was found at a concentration of 6.0+/-0. 77 pmol/g in NRM tissue of ten samples of rats, suggesting that it may contribute to physiological responses orchestrated by the NRM....

In this study, we characterized the role of delta-1 and delta-2 opioid receptors in the ventromedial medulla (VMM) in the modulation of thermal nociception. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with an intracerebral guide cannula aimed at the nucleus raphe magnus or nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Microinjection of the delta-1 opioid receptor agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephali...

The three-dimensional structure of a tryptophan-containing variant of the IgG-binding B1 domain of protein L has been solved in two crystal forms to 1.7 and 1.8 A resolution. In one of the crystal forms, the entire N-terminal histidine-tag region was immobilized through the coordination of zinc ions and its structural conformation along with the zinc coordination scheme were determined. However...

Bumblebees are ecologically and economically important, and some species have suffered dramatic population declines. The absence of morphological diagnostic characters for the identification of some species creates difficulties for basic ecological studies, and for conservation management. The widespread and commercially exploited bumblebee subgenus ​Bombus sensu stricto​ contains a cryptic spe...

Hatim Alnoor, Chan Oeurn Chey, Galia Pozina, Xianjie Liu, Volodymyr Khranovskyy, Magnus Willander and Omer Nour, Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods, 2015, AIP Advances, (5), 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929981 Copyright: American Institute of Physics (AIP): Op...

The empirical evidence of adverse selection in insurance markets is mixed. The problem in assessing the extent of adverse selection is that insurance coverage also give rise to moral hazard. With private information— on which agents act— generally being unobservable to the researcher, is is di¢ cult to distinguish adverse selection from moral hazard. Unique micro data is here used to provide a ...

Ulrik Fischer Friis1, Jakob Dahlin2, Magnus Bruze2, Torkil Menné3 and Jeanne Duus Johansen1 1National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark, 2Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital Malmö, 20502, Malmö, Sweden, and 3Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University...

Midbrain periaqueductal gray mater area (PAG) receives some afferents from anterolateral system, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus that inhibit pain through its descending pathway that synapses medial raphe nuclus (mrph) and finally terminates on spinal cord enkephalinergic interneurons in layers II and III. In the present study, the role of Ca+2–channels located on medial raphe nucleus neurons ...