The environment is an essential component of multi-agent systems and is often used to coordinate the behaviour of individual agents. Recently many languages have been proposed to specify and implement multi-agent environments in terms of social and normative concepts. In this paper, we first introduce a formal setting of multi-agent environment which abstracts from concrete specification langua...

objective: this study aimed to provide a normative study documenting how 114 five-seven year-old non-‎patient iranian children respond to the rorschach test. we compared this especial sample to ‎international normative reference values for the comprehensive system (cs).‎ method: one hundred fourteen 5- 7- year-old non-patient iranian children were recruited from public ‎schools. using five chil...

The paper outlines an approach to the formal representation of signalling conventions, emphasising the prominent role played therein by a particular type of normative modality. It is then argued that, in terms of inferencing related to this modality, a solution can be given to the task J.L. Austin set but failed to resolve: finding a criterion for distinguishing between what Austin called const...

this paper examines the theoretical rationales and practical aspects of task-based language teaching (tblt) with particular reference to research findings in efl/esl contexts. the definitional scope of the term ‘task’, polarizations in terms of task vs. non-task, and its relation to different language teaching approaches have engendered conceptual and methodological ambiguities.  moreover, fact...

the purpose of this paper is to study the impact of using the internet on the normative, relativistic and cosmopolitan attitudes of the students of tabriz university. the writers have used the survey method in their study and obtained the data of their research through a questionnaire. the statistical sample consists of 283 graduate and doctoral students of tabriz university. the findings of th...

We address two main challenges facing systems neuroscience today: understanding the nature and function of cortical feedback between sensory areas and of correlated variability. Starting from the old idea of perception as probabilistic inference, we show how to use knowledge of the psychophysical task to make testable predictions for the influence of feedback signals on early sensory representa...

ORIGIN AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Engineers use task analytic behavior models to describe the normative human behaviors required to control a system [12]. These models represent the mental and physical activities operators use to achieve the goals that the system was designed to support. Enhanced Operator Function Model (EOFM) [9], an extension of the Operator Function Model [13], represents hum...

This is a commentary on the often-observed phenomenon of observing task-based brain signaling differences between clinical populations and healthy control participants in the absence of any behavioral decrements in the clinical group. We offer several explanations for why brain-based differences amid normative performance may be of interest to researchers and clinicians. First, neural processin...

Acquired brain impairments are responsible for cognitive dysfunctions that affect daily life activities. Promoting cognitive exercise through ecologically-based interactive media such as virtual reality is an emerging option. Although the first step towards ecological ways to stimulate cognitive functions has been given, assessment still relies on non-ecological measures such as pencil-and-pape...