We outline the use of hierarchical modeling for inference about the categorization of subjects into "responder" and "nonresponder" classes when the true status of the subject is latent (hidden). If uncertainty of classification is ignored during analysis, then statistical inference may be unreliable. An important advantage of hierarchical modeling is that it facilitates the correct modeling of ...

Primary responses to the linear polymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine are restricted to the IgG class of antibodies. The appearance of specific IgM antibodies against these antigens is dependent upon secondary immunization, in contrast to many classical antigenic systems. The presence of an IgM response was verified by a direct plaque-forming cell assay, the inhibition of direc...

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family consists of phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins, which function as mediators of innate immunity for recognition of pathogen-derived ligands and subsequent cell activation via the Toll/IL-1R signal pathway. Here, we show that human TLR9 (hTLR9) expression in human immune cells correlates with responsiveness to bacterial deoxycytidylate-phosphate-...

Cellular and tissue defects associated with insulin resistance are coincident with transcriptional abnormalities and are improved after insulin sensitization with thiazolidinedione (TZD) PPARgamma ligands. We characterized 72 human subjects by relating their clinical phenotypes with functional pathway alterations. We transcriptionally profiled 364 biopsies harvested before and after hyperinsuli...

Chimeric BIO.A T cells that had matured in a (BlO.A x B10.Q)F1 environment acquired the ability to respond to poly(Glu'Lys35Phe9) (GL4), an antigen to which the BlO.A mouse is a nonresponder. The response of the chimeric BlO.A T cells was initiated by.GL4 on responder BlO.Q antigen-presenting cells (APC) but not by GL4W on nonresponder BlO.A APC. Similarly, chimeric BlO.Q T cells that had matur...

Spleen cells from C57BL/10 mice injected with syngeneic B10 L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-pulsed macrophages (GAT-M phi) within 18 h of birth were unable to respond to soluble GAT, GAT-methylated bovine serum albumin, or B10 GAT-M phi as adults. Spleen cells from these neonatally treated mice responded at control levels to GAT presented in allogeneic M phi and to sheep erythr...