the aim of this study is to investigate the share of total factor productivity growth (tfpg), labor force growth and physical capital growth on the value added growth of non-oil sector by applying the cob-douglass production function during the third, fourth and fifth development plans before the islamic revolution of iran (1342-1356), and during the first, second, third and forth economic, soc...

We propose a quantum algorithm for simulating dissipative waves in inhomogeneous linear media as boundary-value problem. Using the so-called singular value transformation (QSVT), we construct circuit that models propagation of electromagnetic one-dimensional system with outgoing boundary conditions. The corresponding measurement procedure is also discussed. Limitations QSVT are identified conne...

Rayleigh–Ritz eigenvalue estimates for Hermitian matrices obey Cauchy interlacing, which has helpful implications for theory, applications, and algorithms. In contrast, few results about the Ritz values of non-Hermitian matrices are known, beyond their containment within the numerical range. To show that such Ritz values enjoy considerable structure, we establish regions within the numerical ra...

Large-scale human cooperation among unrelated individuals requires the enforcement of social norms. However, such enforcement poses a problem because non-enforcers can free ride on others' costly and risky enforcement. One solution is that enforcers receive benefits relative to non-enforcers. Here we show that this solution becomes functional during the preschool years: 5-year-old (but not 4-ye...