Our increasing appreciation of the high prevalence of mixed-species Plasmodium infection in malaria-endemic regions has resulted in controversy regarding the likely mechanism(s) of regulation for mixed parasite burden within an individual human host. In the present study, we examined dynamic models of Plasmodium spp. regulation by fever and by non-specific (NS) and species-specific (SS) immunit...

We developed an immunogen to stimulate multivalent immunity against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigens (HBcAg). Immune responses specific for both HBsAg and HBcAg play an important role in controlling the infection. HBsAg-specific antibodies mediate elimination of virions at an early stage of infection and prevent the spread of virus. The immunogen was constructed...

The ultraviolet light-induced fibrosarcoma 1591 undergoes "first-set rejection" when transplanted into normal syngeneic mice. We found, however, that the primary resistance of normal mice decreases with age, beginning at 9--12 mo, equivalent to middle age for mice. Mice lose with age the capacity to mount both idiotypic and anti-idiotypic responses responsible for controlling the growth of tumo...

Maternal antibodies to the Coxsackie viruses (C virus) are conveyed to newborn mice through the colostrum and milk. of vaccinated mothers. No evidence for or against placental transmission of immunity was obtained. The immunity conferred on the young is type-specific. Immunity may be conferred to infants born of non-immune mice by allowing a suckling period of 24 to 48 hours with an immune moth...

We analyze models for the evolutionary dynamics of viral or other infectious agents within a host. We study how the invasion of a new strain affects the composition and diversity of the viral population. We show that--under strain-specific immunity--the equilibrium abundance of uninfected cells declines during viral evolution. In addition, for cytotoxic immunity the absolute force of infection,...

Fishes inhabit the microbe-rich aquatic environment, hence are constantly under the threat of being infected with the microbial pathogens. Non-specific immune system of fish forms the first line of defense in protecting them from the invading pathogens. Tolllike receptors (TLRs) are important components of non-specific immunity that play an essential role in the recognition of the pathogens bas...

Therapies with increasing specificity against pathogens follow the immune system's evolutionary course in maximizing host defence while minimizing self-harm. Nevertheless, even completely non-specific stressors, such as reactive molecular species, heat, nutrient and oxygen deprivation, and acidity can be used to preferentially harm pathogens. Strategic use of non-specific stressors requires exp...

Different infections are the most common complication of immunosuppressive therapy. In this context, the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on the innate antiviral immunity of mice was studied. The presence of immunity was shown by infection of resident peritoneal cells (RPC) of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). While the cells infected immed...