In this essay we introduce three types of credit pricing models: first and second generation structural-form models and reduced-form models with relative papers and their main results. This paper mainly focuses on the reduced-form credit pricing model by explaining Duffie and Singleton’s paper Modeling Term Structure of Defaultable Bonds (1999). A detailed explanation of the paper’s deductions ...

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Experimental activity is traditionally identified with testing the empirical implications or numerical simulations of models against data. In critical reaction to the ‘tribunal view’ on experiments, this essay will show the constructive contribution of experimental activity to the processes of modeling and simulating. Based on the analysis of a case in fluid mechanics, it will focus specificall...

The predictive value of long-termenergy scenario models is close to none.Why then do we use these models, notably for ongoing activities of theIPCC? This essay briefly describes tworecent examples demonstrating thatparticularly integrated assessmentmodels that simulate or optimizeenergy-economy-climate interactionspossess no practical use when it comesto fore...

Text cohesion is an important element of discourse processing. This paper presents a new approach to modeling, quantifying, and visualizing text cohesion using automated cohesion flow indices that capture semantic links among paragraphs. Cohesion flow is calculated by applying Cohesion Network Analysis, a combination of semantic distances, Latent Semantic Analysis, and Latent Dirichlet Allocati...

Enterprise systems have taken full advantage of Information Technology (IT) and Information Systems (IS) to innovate and to create business value. The principal business value for system is utility. System utility is a complex factor that has many contributing variables and the resultant of business value. The metrics of utility are measures such as up-time, customer satisfaction, and so on. In...

Protein numbers in cells determine rates of biological processes, influence the architecture of cellular structures, reveal the stoichiometries of protein complexes, guide in vitro biochemical reconstitutions, and provide parameter values for mathematical modeling. The purpose of this essay is to increase awareness of methods for counting protein molecules using fluorescence microscopy and enco...