OBJECTIVE To study the architecture of the human sinus node to facilitate understanding of mapping and ablative procedures in its vicinity. METHODS The sinoatrial region was examined in 47 randomly selected adult human hearts by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The sinus node, crescent-like in shape, and 13.5 (2.5) mm long, was not insulated by a sheath of fib...

Bougainvillea, popularly known as ‘Bunga kertas’ in Malaysia, is thoroughly explored for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Bougainvillea has been shown to possess alkaloids flavonoids which are widely used folk medicine treat different illnesses such inflammatory, diarrheal, ulcer, diabetic. Despite its major conventional therapeutic importance, only limited attempts have made investigate thi...

The nonlinear effects of the second harmonic generation have been investigated for the propagation of light along the axis of fibers of wagon wheel cross sectional shape. Nodal finite element formulation is utilized to obtain discretized Helmholtz equations under appropriate boundary conditions. The hierarchical p-version nodal elements are used for meshing the cross section of wagon wheel fibe...

BACKGROUND The association between nodal ratio and survival in oral cavity carcinomas has recently been proposed, but no prospective evaluations exist. METHODS We sought to determine, using an institutional database, whether nodal ratio impacts survival in node-positive oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS Between 1994 and 2004, 143 new diagnoses of N(1-2) squamous cell carcinoma of...

Nodal/TGFβ signaling regulates diverse biological responses. By combining RNA-seq on Foxh1 and Nodal signaling loss-of-function embryos with ChIP-seq of Foxh1 and Smad2/3, we report a comprehensive genome-wide interaction between Foxh1 and Smad2/3 in mediating Nodal signaling during vertebrate mesendoderm development. This study significantly increases the total number of Nodal target genes reg...

Mammalian lefty and zebrafish antivin form a subgroup of the TGF beta superfamily. We report that mouse mutants for lefty2 have an expanded primitive streak and form excess mesoderm, a phenotype opposite to that of mutants for the TGF beta gene nodal. Analogously, overexpression of Antivin or Lefty2 in zebrafish embryos blocks head and trunk mesoderm formation, a phenotype identical to that of ...

Nodal/TGFβ signaling regulates diverse biological responses. By combining RNA-seq on Foxh1 and Nodal signaling loss-of-function embryos with ChIP-seq of Foxh1 and Smad2/3, we report a comprehensive genome-wide interaction between Foxh1 and Smad2/3 in mediating Nodal signaling during vertebrate mesendoderm development. This study significantly increases the total number of Nodal target genes reg...

Dorsal/ventral (DV) patterning of the sea urchin embryo relies on a ventrally-localized organizer expressing Nodal, a pivotal regulator of the DV gene regulatory network. However, the inceptive mechanisms imposing the symmetry-breaking are incompletely understood. In Paracentrotus lividus, the Hbox12 homeodomain-containing repressor is expressed by prospective dorsal cells, spatially facing and...

Nodal, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, plays an important role in vertebrate and invertebrate early development. The biochemical study of Nodal and its signaling pathway has been a challenge, mainly because of difficulties in producing the protein in sufficient quantities. We have developed a library of stable, chemically refoldable Nodal/BMP2 chimeric ligands (NB2 library). Three chimeras, ...