Action at distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation speeds in classical post–Newtonian physics. As a result, the differential equations of motion in Newtonian physics are replaced by functional differential equations, where the delay associated with the finite propagation speed is taken into account. Newtonian equations of motion, with post–Newtonian corrections, are often...

Action at a distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation speeds in classical physics, the physics defined by the field theories of Maxwell and Einstein. As a result, the differential equations of motion in Newtonian physics are replaced in classical physics by functional differential equations, where the delay associated with the finite propagation speed (the speed of light) ...

Non-Newtonian uids are increasingly being transported by a variety of vehicles. It has been observed that vehicles containing such uids demonstrate behaviour which could be explained only by non-linearity characteristics of such uids. In this paper small oscillations of non-Newtonian uids in tanks are considered. A numerical method suitable for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian uids is suggested...

A review of the diverse roles of entropy and the second law in computationalthermo– uid dynamics is presented. Entropy computations are related to numerical error, convergence criteria, time-step limitations, and other signiŽ cant aspects of computational  uid  ow and heat transfer. The importance of the second law as a tool for estimating error bounds and the overall scheme’s robustness is ...

The entropy associated with absolute equilibriumensemble theories of ideal, homogeneous, uid and magneto-uid turbulence is discussed and the three-dimensional uid case is examined in detail. A-function is de-ned, whose minimum value with respect to global parameters is the entropy. A comparison is made between the use of global functions and phase functions H (associated with the development of...

AlGaN/GaN/Be:GaN heterostructures have been grown by rf-plasma molecular beam epitaxy on freestanding semi-insulating GaN substrates, employing unintentionally-doped (UID) GaN buffer layers with thicknesses, dUID, varying between 50 nm and 500 nm. We have found that the heterostructures with UID buffers thicker than 200 nm exhibit much improved Hall properties and inter-device isolation current...

If speakers use language rationally, they should structure their messages to achieve approximately uniform information density (UID), in order to optimize transmission via a noisy channel. Previous work identified a consistent increase in linguistic information across sentences in text as a signature of the UID hypothesis. This increase was derived from a predicted increase in context, but the ...

In this paper we propose an e cient iconic indexing strategy called Unique ID based Ma trix UID Matrix for symbolic pictures in which each spatial relationship between any two objects is assigned with a unique identi er ID and is recorded in a matrix Basically the proposed strategy can represent those complex relationships that are represented in D C strings in a matrix and an e cient range che...

This paper reports two speci c improvements in the nite-dimensional nonlinear dynamical modeling of marine thrusters. Previously reported four-quadrant models have employed airfoil theory considering only axial uid ow and using sinusoidal lift/drag curves. First, we present a thruster model incorporating the e ects of rotational uid velocity and inertia on thruster response. Second, we report a...