abstract background and objective: parkinson's disease (pd) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with massive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) substitution is still the gold standard therapy for pd. however, there has been little information available on neuroprotective and regenerative therapies for pd. due to the neu...

Background and Objective: Sensory neurons have critical role in improvement of functional outcome of any neuroprotective strategy. The herbal medicine Nepeta menthoides has been reported to have anti-apoptotic effect on axotomized spinal motoneurons. In the present study, the putative neuroprotective effect of Nepeta menthoides on the axotomized dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons in neonate r...

  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a human neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with a massive and progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. There is strong evidence that oxidative stress participates in the etiology of PD. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the neuroprotective activity of vitamin E, a free radical scavenger in the unilatera...

In this study the effect of adenosine and caffeine on spontaneous activity of paragigantocellularis (PGi) neurons was investigated. The spontaneous activity of PGi neurons was significantly decreased by microinjection of adenosine (10 nM, 0.5 µl) into PGi nucleus of both control and morphine-dependent rats. The decrease in firing rate of PGi neurons of morphine-dependent rats was greater than t...

Introduction: Considering the antiepileptogenic effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), the effect of rTMS applied during amygdala kindling on spontaneous activity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was investigated. Materials and Methods: A tripolar electrode was inserted in basolateral amygdala of Male Wistar rats. After a recovery period, animals received daily kindl...

Excitotoxicity results in a significant increase in Ca2+ influx; essentially from open N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) channels that cause a secondary rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. It is correlated with neuronal death induced by Ca2+ overload. Dysfunction of NMDARs is associated with excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, the effects of...

Introduction: Parkinson disease (PD) results from the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of natural antioxidants such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) to maintain these neurons. Methods: CAPE is one of the main ingredients of propolis. Intranasal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2;3;4;6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was...

Abstract In vertebrates, motor control relies on cholinergic neurons in the spinal cord that have been extensively studied over past hundred years, yet full heterogeneity of these and their different functional roles adult remain to be defined. Here, we developed a targeted single nuclear RNA sequencing approach used it identify an array interneurons, visceral skeletal neurons. Our dat...

The direct and indirect efferent pathways from striatum ultimately reconverge to influence basal ganglia output nuclei, which in turn regulate behavior via thalamocortical brainstem motor circuits. However, the distinct contributions of these two shaping are not well understood. We investigated processes using selective optogenetic control pathways, combination with single-unit recording nucleu...