Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image tissue structure and blood flow at micrometer-scale resolution but has limited imaging depth. We report a novel, linear-scanning, needle-based Doppler OCT system using angle-polished gradient-index or ball-lensed fibers. A prototype system with a 19-guage (diameter of approximately 0.9 mm) echogenic needle is constructed and demonstrates in v...

Leaf area density is a biologically appealing index of forest tree health because it can provide an assessment of foliage loss or retention; however, it is difficult to measure directly. In contrast, the ratio of crown length to sapwood area (CL:SA) is quite amenable to objective field measurement, and could be interpreted as an index of crown sparseness. CL:SA was computed for Douglas-fir tree...

Regional anesthesia is the favored methods of cesarean section delivery due to their safety to the mother, simplicity of the technique, lesser maternal risk and satisfactory postoperative analgesic effect [1-3]. However, Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) has been a problem for patients next to dural puncture which is the iatrogenic cause of patient’s morbidity in modern anesthesia, as well as...

Analysis of medically attended injection site events data provides a vehicle to appreciate the inadequacies of vaccination practice for deltoid intramuscular injection and to develop best practice procedures. These data can be divided into 3 groups; nerve palsies, musculoskeletal injuries and cutaneous reactions and reflect inappropriate site of injection, needle over or under penetration, loca...

Electroacupuncture (EA) is becoming more common as a treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain. It can be associated with adverse events related to the small electric currents used, in addition to the adverse events related to needle penetration of tissues. This paper reports a case of minor tissue damage following high intensity EA for 30 min with a device delivering a waveform that does not ...

We present a dense needle array with sharp nano-tips for intracellular gene and drug delivery, with the ultimate goal of gene correction in a high throughput manner. The nanoneedles are fabricated using isotropic dry etching of silicon, followed by anisotropic dry etching and thermal-oxidation-based tip sharpening. The nanoneedle density is as large as 10 needles per square centimeter. In-vitro...

The Bitcoin Market Potential Index conceptualizes and ranks the potential utility of bitcoin across 178 countries to show which countries have the greatest potential to see bitcoin adoption. The index utilizes a data set with 40 variables related to bitcoin’s current core functions: store of value, medium of exchange, and technology platform. The variables are grouped into the index’s seven equ...