Early studies have shown that only a small fraction of the nominal nebulizer dose (1–12%) is available for delivery to the lungs in intubated children and adults.1-3 Since then, the characterization of forces governing aerosol delivery in ventilated patients has led to improvements in techniques, and the development of newer aerosol generators with the ability to deliver as much drug to ventila...

A detailed evaluation of the analytical characteristics of a particle beam/hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy (PB/HC-AES) system is described for applications in the area of organic sample analysis. The optimization of sample introduction, nebulization parameters, and glow discharge conditions was performed for the elemental analysis (focusing on C and H) of a group of a...

RATIONALE The rapid detection, screening, and isotopic signature analysis of inorganics provide invaluable information for a variety of applications including explosive device detection, nuclear forensics, and environmental monitoring. The coupling of ultrasonic nebulization and extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) enabled the mass spectrometric (MS) detection and analysis of inorganics fr...

BACKGROUND We recently reported that various environmental estrogens induce mast cell degranulation and enhance IgE-mediated release of allergic mediators in vitro. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that environmental estrogens would enhance allergic sensitization as well as bronchial inflammation and responsiveness. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fetal and neonatal mice to the common environme...

Atomic emission signals derived from single particles in the 1-10 pm size range have been observed after injection of refractory oxides and silicates into the inductively coupled plasma by the nebulization of dilute suspensions. Detection limits by mass are in the 1 x 10-l3-l x lo-" g range because of the discrete nature of the signal and the low background against which the signals are observe...

During anaesthesia seven patients received a bolus of morphine 10 mg injected into the nebulization reservoir placed between the tracheal tube and the anaesthetic circle (IH). Five days after operation the same seven patients received morphine 10 mg i.m. On both occasions, venous blood samples were taken before and every 15 min after administration over 4.5 h for measurement of free morphine im...

The development of jet nebulizers for medical purposes is an important challenge of aerosol therapy. The performance of a nebulizer is characterized by its output rate of droplets with a diameter under 5 µm. However the optimization of this parameter through experiments has reached a plateau. The purpose of this study is to design a numerical model simulating the nebulization process and to com...

Commercial chickens with a high level of maternal antibodies for Newcastle disease were vaccinated when newly hatched with Queensland V4 or Ulster 2C Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains by nebulization. The exposure time to a fine aerosol of vaccine produced with an ultrasonic nebulizer was 60 sec. The chickens were challenged oculonasally with virulent NDV strain Texas GB in weekly intervals...

Delivery of drugs by aerosol may allow higher concentrations of therapeutic agents to act locally at the site of pulmonary infection or inflammation, and therefore, the potential for systemic side effects is minimized. Aerosolization of therapeutic agents acts as a useful adjunct to more conventional systemic therapies. Author’s address: Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, PO Box 12070, Lexington,...

The circadian timing system influences a vast array of behavioral responses. Substantial evidence indicates a role for the circadian system in regulating reward processing. Here we explore time of day effects on drug anticipation, locomotor activity, and voluntary methamphetamine (MA) and food intake in animals with ad libitum food access. We compared responses to drug versus a palatable treat ...