Although nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is being used more frequently, the oncological safety of NSM remains unclear, particularly in young patients (<35 years). The aim of the present study was to compare the rates of local recurrence (LR), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in young patients with breast cancer who had undergone NSM or conventional mastectomy (CM). The clin...

Most researchers now agree that subcategorization correlates significantly with semantics. But this semantic component of linking has proved elusive. Most, if not all, theories of linking have, in pratice, resorted to constructs that are syntactic diacritics. We show in this paper that the implicit syntactic diacritics that plague the basic linking constraints posited in at least some of these ...

We present and discuss various formalizations of Modal Logics in Logical Frameworks based on Type Theories. We consider both Hilbertand Natural Deduction-style proof systems for representing both truth (local) and validity (global) consequence relations for various Modal Logics. We introduce several techniques for encoding the structural peculiarities of necessitation rules, in the typed λ-calc...

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has one negative sense (L) and two ambisense (M and S) RNAs. The lack of a tractable TSWV reverse genetics system has impeded direct demonstration of gene function and prevented the usual types of pathogen characterization. The TSWV NSm (non-structural) protein has been presumed to be the viral movement protein (MP) based on a few lines of indirect evidence. We ...

BACKGROUND With the evolution of breast reconstruction and oncoplastic techniques, more aesthetic mastectomies are being offered to patients. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been controversial, but an expanding body of published experience has allowed this concept to gain momentum. OBJECTIVES The authors review their experience with NSM. METHODS From 2007 to 2009, 112 consecutive patien...

BACKGROUND Nipple-sparing mastectomy through an inframammary fold incision (NSM-IMF) with implant-based reconstruction (IBR) is a cosmetically preferable approach to breast cancer treatment in appropriate candidates. However, patients who have undergone prior cosmetic breast surgery (CBS) may be at increased risk for postoperative complications secondary to existing surgical scars. OBJECTIVE ...

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is challenging in patients with significant ptosis and skin excess. We previously described the first use of a surgical delay (a supraareolar incision with undermining off the breast mound) to facilitate a second-stage pedicled NSM and reconstruction. Here, we present an improvement in our surgical delay technique-a total skin and NSM through Wise incisions. This...

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is rare and its management presents many challenges. Outside of distal ureterectomy for select cases, management has been primarily radical nephroureterectomy. Endoscopic nephron sparing management (NSM) is recognized to have some role in UTUC treatment; however, it is yet to gain firm footing in the treatment algorithm. In this review, we discuss the ben...

1 Overview Elf is a uniform metalanguage for the formalization of the theory of programming languages and logics. It provides means for 1. specifying the abstract syntax and semantics of an object language in a natural and direct way; 2. implementing related algorithms (e.g., for type inference, evaluation, or proof search); and 3. representing proofs of meta-theorems about an object language, ...

The computationally efficient vector quantization for a discrete time source can be performed using lattices over block linear codes or convolutional codes. For high rates (low distortion) and uniform distribution the performance of a multidimensional lattice depends mainly on the normalized second moment (NSM) of the lattice. For relatively low rates (high distortions) and non-uniform distribu...