Price risk management for flow commodities (such as natural gas, oil, and electrical power) is not trivial due to restrictions on storability of the underlying. To be protected against price spikes, consumers purchase diverse swing–type contracts, whereas contract writers try to hedge them by appropriate physical assets, for instance, by storage utilities, by transmission and/or production capa...

the natural gas consumption in iran has been continuously increasing due to several reasons including low prices of natural gas, development of gas supply networks, people’s salary increase, incorrect consumption culture and the increase of national economy growth.  although, the global natural gas consumption has increased by 38% since 2001, the national consumption in iran has increased by 11...

the hcci combustion process is initiated due to auto-ignition of fuel/air mixture which is dominated by chemical kinetics and therefore fuel composition has a significant effect on engine operation and a detailed reaction mechanism is essential to analysis hcci combustion. a single zone-model permits to have a detailed chemical kinetics modeling for practical fuels. in this study a single-zone ...

natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. the heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...