Emerging nanomaterials are being manufactured with varying particle sizes, morphologies, and crystal structures in the pursuit of achieving outstanding functional properties. These variations in these key material properties of nanoparticles may affect their environmental fate and transport. To date, few studies have investigated this important aspect of nanoparticles' environmental behavior. I...

Optimal geometries, charge distributions, bond analysis, changes of Gibbs free energy, entropies and enthalpies of hydration, and hydrolysis reactions for mononuclear species of Zn(2+) including hydrated and hydrolysis complexes were investigated using quantum chemical calculations in the gas phase. Optimized geometrical structures showed that the stable hydrated and hydrolysis zinc species wit...

one of the most dazzling events in the atmosphere is lightning. during updrafts in the life cycle of cumulus clouds, collision of graupels and ice crystals in the presence of liquid water results in vertical separation of electrical charges and lightning. there are four types of lightening depending on the location of discharge. the first type is cloud-to-ground lightning or fork lightning that...

A series of new 6-chloro-3-(2-arylmethylene-1-methylhydrazino)-1,4,2-benzodithiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives were effectively synthesized from N-methyl-N-(6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazin-3-yl)hydrazines. The intermediate compounds as well as the products, were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects toward three human cancer cell lines. All compounds shown moderate or weak cytotoxic effec...

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been accepted as an ingredient in health foods for the treatment of symptoms related to arthritis and cartilage repair. However, CS is poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract because of its high negative electric charges and molecular weight (MW). In this study, poly-ion complex (PIC) formation was found in aqueous solutions through electrostatic interact...