Mushroom bodies are the iconic learning and memory centers of insects. No previously described crustacean possesses a mushroom body as defined by strict morphological criteria although crustacean centers called hemiellipsoid bodies, which serve functions in sensory integration, have been viewed as evolutionarily convergent with mushroom bodies. Here, using key identifiers to characterize neural...

Psychological studies in humans and behavioral studies of model organisms suggest that forgetting is a common and biologically regulated process, but the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying forgetting are poorly understood. Here we show that the bidirectional modulation of a small subset of dopamine neurons (DANs) after olfactory learning regulates the rate of forgetting of b...

Based on a brief description of the general brain morphology of Camponotus floridanus, development of the brain is examined in ants of different ages (pupa to 10 months). During this period, brain volume increases by approximately 20 % while the antennal lobes and the mushroom body neuropile show a more substantial growth, almost doubling their volume. In addition to the age-dependent changes, ...

consumption of organic manures such as vermicompost and spent mushroom compost in a system based on organic agriculture beside to maintenance soil health improvement and yield of medicinal plant spearmint. therefore, an completely randomized design experiment with four replication on spearmint (mentha spicata l )was conducted in horticultural department of mohaghegh ardabili university. experim...

Two cases of an acute chest illness occurring in mushroom workers are described. In one patient, who was severely ill, a lung biopsy was obtained which showed a pattern of alveolitis and interstitial fibrosis. The serum of both patients gave a precipitin reaction to an extraction of mushroom compost after spawning, but no reaction occurred to a variety of hay antigens used in the diagnosis of f...

Learning permits animals to attach meaning and context to sensory stimuli. How this information is coded in neural networks in the brain, and appropriately retrieved and utilized to guide behavior, is poorly understood. In the fruit fly olfactory memories of particular value are represented within sparse populations of odor-activated Kenyon cells (KCs) in the mushroom body ensemble. During lear...

The mushroom bodies, substructures of the Drosophila brain, are involved in olfactory learning and short-term memory, but their role in long-term memory is unknown. Here we show that the alpha-lobes-absent (ala) mutant lacks either the two vertical lobes of the mushroom body or two of the three median lobes which contain branches of vertical lobe neurons. This unique phenotype allows analysis o...

The Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) has been reported to support the function and health of the nervous system and has been the subject of several studies investigating the use of various compounds contained in the mushroom for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, declines in cognitive function and injuries to the spine and nervous system. This mushroom has been highly...

more nitrogen use efficiency in crops is important for maintaining and developing sustainable agriculture. in order to study the effect of different levels of mushroom compost and different resource of nitrogen on yield, yield attributes and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), an experiment was conducted at faculty of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran, durin...

in order to investigate the effects of substrate and spawn levels on growth and development of florida oyster mushroom an experiment was conducted in 2005 at the laboratory of the department of horticulture, agriculture faculty, shahid chamran university, ahvaz. the design of the experiment was a factorial one of a randomized complete blocks of 3 replications. the two factors of substrate and s...