In Burkina Faso, households are the main source of health financing. Based on out-of-pocket health payments, the current system is a major cause of poverty. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of local health funding in Loumbila and throughout the country. A descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 271 household heads, 3 health committee members, the top st...

Despite the noteworthy genotoxic potency of many industrial wastewaters, the genotoxic hazard posed to the downstream ecosystem and its associated biota will be determined by genotoxic loading. Municipal wastewaters, although ranking low in potency, can achieve loading values that are several orders of magnitude greater than those of most industries. Although these wastewaters are generally mix...

The three-year Municipal Infrastructure Investment Planning (MIIP) project is currently investigating investment planning and strategic asset management. The project proposes using geographic information systems (GIS) as the framework for decision support tools for municipal infrastructure managers, and more specifically, as tools to assist them to prioritize infrastructure maintenance and capi...

Climate change mitigation is an important goal for cities globally. Energy production contributes more than half of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus the mitigation potential of local municipal energy systems is important for cities to recognize. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of local municipal energy systems in the consumption-based carbon footprint of a city resi...

BACKGROUND In 2012 the Norwegian Coordination Reform was implemented. The main motivation was to encourage municipalities to expand local, primary health care services. From 2012 to 2014, under the Municipal Co-Financing regime, municipalities were obliged to cover 20 % of the costs of health services provided at the specialist (hospital) level. Importantly, use of rehabilitation services in pr...

BACKGROUND The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion coincided with a preponderance of research, worldwide, on the social determinants of health and health inequities. Despite the establishment of a 'health inequities knowledge base', the precise roles for municipal governments in reducing health inequities at the local level remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to monitor ...

Municipal bond markets experienced a significant amount of strain in response to the COVID-19 crisis, creating liquidity and credit concerns among market participants. During economic shutdown resulting from pandemic, income tax revenues were deferred sales decreased beginning spring 2020, while cost borrowing significantly increased for municipal issuers. To aid needs, Federal Reserve implemen...