Actions can create preferences, increasing the value ascribed to commodities acquired at greater cost. This behavioural finding has been observed in a variety of species; however, the causal factors underlying the phenomenon are relatively unknown. We sought to develop a behavioural platform to examine the relationship between effort and reinforcer value in mice trained under demanding or lenie...

Multiple attributes group decision making problems aim to find the best alternative for the experts from a solution set of alternatives. Because the attribute value and decision-makers evaluation with respect to the alternatives are usually vague and imprecise, fuzzy multiple attributes group decision making have been widely investigated, in which, ordering fuzzy evaluation results in fuzzy dec...

Emerging trends and challenges. Component-based software engineering supported by middleware technologies, such as CORBA Component Model (CCM) and Enterprise Java Beans (EJB), has emerged as a preferred way of developing enterprise distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, such as smart buildings, modern office enterprises, and inflight entertainment systems. These systems consist of ap...

We propose a method to enhance web browsing history records by considering browsing window attributes. The browsing window attributes means properties of web browser window such as size, location, z-order, activated status, etc. We often open multiple web documents for each window and browse the contents through handling these windows at the same time. Since a series of the window attributes de...

The real-time attributes of a concurrent task define the parameters that will determine when the task can be allocated the required resources. Typical examples are the task’s priority, the deadline, and the CPU (or CPUs) on which it must be executed. Since the 2012 revision, Ada is prepared for handling all these attributes. But the handling is per-attribute: it is not possible to change severa...