Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) periodically decide on both which products to launch (or phase out) and in global regions, thereby conducting an integrated products-countries consideration diversification strategies. Over time, these decisions can have a cumulative impact the structure. Diversification literature has primarily focused one of two metrics rather than providing view; this work in...

Purpose: The paper aims, from an African perspective, to investigate the practice of inconsistent custom duty valuations experienced by related MNEs and explore impact this may have on MNEs.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Perceptions industry experts various countries were sought means a questionnaire supplemental literature was reviewed with view address stated objectives.
 Findings: ...

In mainland China, many enterprises still use early client/server technologies for their supply chain management (SCM). However, with China’s participating in WHO and economy globalization improving, Enterprises in mainland China have to compete with multinational companies. They have to move from client/server technologies to service oriented architectures (SOA) in order to their SCM can catch...