The rice ortholog of DREB1, OsDREB1b, is transcriptionally induced by cold stress and over-expression of OsDREB1b results in increase tolerance towards high salt and freezing stress. This spatio-temporal expression of OsDREB1b is preceded by the change in chromatin structure at the promoter and the upstream region for gene activation. The promoter and the upstream region of OsDREB1b genes appea...

Footwear worn by U.S. military aircrew personnel provides inadequate levels of protection from a prolonged cold and wet exposure when compared with that wore by ground-based, combat troops. On June 2, 1995, a U.S. Air Force F-16 C aircraft was shot down by a mobile SA-6 surface-to-air missile over Bosnia-Herzegovina while conducting a routine NATO reconnaissance mission. The pilot survived the ...

Abstract Roadway sanding is a common practice in cold regions because sand increases the roadway friction when mixing with snow. However, after snow melt, sand imposes potential hazards to the traffic. Recovery of sand from highways has become an increasing concern not only for the reason of traffic safety, but also for being nonpoint pollution sources to nearby wetlands and streams. In this st...

introduction climate is a system consisting of atmosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. this system is involved in the exchange of energy and moisture among these five components. the exchanges link the atmosphere as the central component of the climate to other spheres. changes do not occur separately in this system; rather change in one component contributes to reactio...