The effects of morphine treatment on small intestinal propulsion and contractile activity were investigated in unanesthetized rats. Intragastrically, s.c. and i.c.v. administered morphine produced dose-related decreases in the transit of a radioactive marker (51Cr) through the small intestine. Morphine was most potent after i.c.v. administration whereas the intragastric route was the least pote...

tramadol is a synthetic analgesic of opioids which has more flexible mechanisms of action than typical opioids. since it has been reported in previous study that typical opioids like morphine can affect the bone homeostasis, it is worthwhile to examine the effects of tramadol on tooth movement. in this study we investigated effects of tramadol on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.30 male wista...

Although morphine typically produces analgesia in a variety of species, recent research has identified a biological model in which morphine produces a naloxone-reversible, paradoxical hyperalgesic response to a noxious thermal stimulus in young domestic fowl. The present study examined opioid receptor-mediation of this atypical opiate effect. Patterns of morphine hyperalgesia (1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg...

Background: Suicide is one of the leading factors of death worldwide. Hanging is one of the most common methods of suicide. This study was designed to evaluate post mortem toxicology laboratory findings of subjects with hanging death in northeast Iran.  Methods: This study was carried out on reported cases with hanging death to Razavi Khorasan Province-General Office of Iranian Legal Medicine O...

INTRODUCTION The role played by psychoactive substances in road safety has become object of increasing interest: these substances can reduce driving performance and increase accidents risk. Aims of the study are to establish the dimension of the problem and to describe the characteristics of people involved in accidents under psychoactive substance effects. METHODS Target population consists ...

Substance use disorders (SUD) are recognized worldwide as causes of negative medical, psychological, and social outcomes, and they result in significant personal consequences for affected persons, their families, and society at large. Treatment of SUD has focused on a combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapies in an effort to improve patients’ chances of successfully entering and m...

Dysregulation of histone modifying enzymes has been associated with numerous psychiatric disorders. Alterations in G9a (Ehmt2), a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the euchromatic dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), has been implicated recently in mediating neural and behavioral plasticity in response to chronic cocaine administration. Here, we show that chronic morphine, ...

Bovine adrenal medulla 22 (BAM22), an endogenous opioid peptide, is one of the cleavage products of proenkephalin A. It potently activates opioid receptors and sensory neuron-specific receptor (SNSR). The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of BAM22 on morphine tolerance. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine for 7 d produced morphine tolerance in rats. Then the rats wer...

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of L-type calcium channel blocker like nimodipine on morphine's withdrawal when it was administered continuously along with morphine versus a single bolus dose of nimodipine, which was administered at the end of the experiment before the precipitation of withdrawal reaction in morphine-dependent rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of adult male Wistar rats ...