Overview Many emerging smartphone applications require position information to provide location-based or context-aware services. In these applications, GPS is often preferred over its alternatives such as GSM/WiFi based positioning systems because it is known to be more accurate. However, GPS is extremely power hungry. Hence a common approach is to periodically duty-cycle GPS. However, GPS duty...

This paper proposes a control-based approach to duty cycle adaptation for wireless sensor networks. The proposed method controls duty cycle through queue management in order to achieve high performance under variable traffic rates. To have energy efficiency while minimizing the delay, we design a feedback controller, which adapts sleeping interval time to traffic change dynamically by constrain...

So far, pentazocine iontophoresis has never been studied, although pentazocine is widely used in pain management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pentazocine transportation through a cellophane membrane could be enhanced using square-wave alternating current (AC) iontophoresis with an adjusted duty cycle and dependence on the voltage and the duty cycle. Voltages of 10, 25 and...

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