The Right Wing of the Polish emigration after1830 explained disappearance state in 1795 and failure their recent war against tsarist Russia by absence a strong leadership and, particular, king hereditary monarchy. most suitable candidate for was Prince Adam Czartoryski, head right-wing leader as whole. Czartoryski declined title reasons related to his own Hamlet-like character above all, convic...

This article is part of a series on Article II, questioning the unitary theory’s three pillars: Executive Vesting Clause, Take Care Clause (or “Faithful Execution” clauses), and Decision 1789 more accurately, Indecisions 1789). “Removal Context” focuses “executive power” Clause: Did imply supervision removal in eighteenth century? What do theorists cite to support their claim that includes remo...

Abstract The Habsburg Monarchy has often been called a “Europe en miniature.” A diversity of political territories and spaces, nations nationalities, languages, denominations, churches was typical throughout the 19th century. This article addresses complexity with fresh approach. Drawing on new history emotion, it combines perspectives territories, loyalties in order to shed light nation buildi...

Even though in the second half of 1620’s relationship between Hispanic Monarchy and France were damaged confrontation them both threatened with outbreak war, 1627 they put aside their differences signed an agreement to help French against English attack. This paper analyzes that controversial agreement, aiming explain reasons behind it, how it was developed consequences had two powers.

This paper establishes a simple model of long run economic and political development, which is driven by the inherent technical features of di¤erent production factors, and political con‡icts among factor owners on how to divide the outputs. The main capital form in economy evolves from land to physical capital and then to human capital, which enables their respective owners (landlords, capital...

Secular trends in the facial skull over three Central European samples spanning more than 13 centuries were examined. Data were 43 conventional cephalometric landmark points for samples dating from 680 to 830 AD (29 male Avars), from the mid-19th century (49 adult Hapsburg Monarchy males), and from the 20th century (54 living Austrian young adult males). Analyses by standard methods of geometri...