the aim of me present work was to investigate rhe potential utility of nanoparticles made of chitosan (cs) and also cs chemically modified with polyethylene glycol (cs-peg) as new vehicles for improving na^al vaccine delivery. for mis purpose, diphtheria toxoid (dt) was chosen as a model antigen. dt was entrapped within nanoparticles made of cs of different molecular weight, and also made of cs...

In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the advances in gene technology the molecular biology of immune diseases and the immune response book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and othe...

The field of immunology has made significant and rapid advances in the past two decades. This understanding has led to a systematic approach to studying the various aspects of development, activation, expansion, maintenance and termination of immune responses, with respect to disease-pathogenesis, prevention and therapeutic interventions. This issue of the journal focuses on reviewing the molec...

IgM is the first antibody to be produced in immune responses and plays an important role in the neutralization of bacteria and viruses. Human IgM is heavily glycosylated, featuring five N-linked glycan sites on the μ chain and one on the J-chain. Glycosylation of IgG is known to modulate the effector functions of Fcγ receptors. In contrast, little is known about the effect of glycosylation on I...

Brown, Preston, and Singleton (BPS) produced an analytic calculation for energy exchange processes for a weakly to moderately coupled plasma: the electron-ion temperature equilibration rate and the charged particle stopping power. These precise calculations are accurate to leading and next-to-leading order in the plasma coupling parameter and to all orders for two-body quantum scattering within...

BACKGROUND Interferon-beta (IFNβ) is used to inhibit disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its mechanisms of action are incompletely understood, individual treatment response varies, and biological markers predicting response to treatment have yet to be identified. METHODS The relationship between the molecular response to IFNβ and treatment response was determined in 85 patients u...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins play key roles in immune responses against infection. Using TLR proteins, host can recognize the conserved molecular structures found in pathogens called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). At the same time, some TLRs are able to detect specific host molecules, such as high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock proteins (hsp), and lead...

Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, treated with imatinib, who have a durable complete molecular response, might remain in complete molecular response after stopping treatment. Previous reports of patients stopping treatment in complete molecular response have included only patients with a good response to imatinib. We describe 3 patients with stable complete molecular response on dasatinib...

Background: Sepsis or blood stream infection is a clinical lethal syndrome with severe systemic inflammatory response to infection, if not treated quickly, is associated with dangerous consequences and high morbidity and mortality. The traditional and conventional method for identification of sepsis is blood culture method which is so time-consuming and long that it eliminates the possibility o...