INTRODUCTION Reliable and valid tools must be used to assess spasticity in clinical practise and research settings. There is a paucity of literature regarding the validity of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) and the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). No study, to date, has been performed to compare the validity of the MMAS and the MTS. This neurophysiological study protocol will compare t...

Stroke is the world's second leading cause of death and third disability. Ischemic strokes account for 68 percent all worldwide, while hemorrhagic 32 percent. A stroke a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Early intervention can help to prevent brain damage other problems. The present case report 24 year male suffered with on 24th July 2021. He was private employee in hospital....

Cross-section data on secondary level student choices provide evidence on factors influencing the decision to study economics. Such evidence makes a key contribution to the broader debates on why student numbers have been falling in economics and why women are reluctant economists. Greater mathematical aptitude and prior knowledge of the subject influence the decision to study economics, and a ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) training in individuals after stroke. DESIGN A double-blind randomized controlled study with assessments pre- and posttraining. SETTING A university hospital rehabilitation department. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=31; mean age ± SD, 62±7 y; 6-101 mo poststroke) were randomized to an intervention group or a control group. IN...

BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) may cause severe spasticity, requiring neurosurgical procedures. The most common neurosurgical procedures are continuous infusion of intrathecal baclofen and selective dorsal rhizotomy. Both are invasive and complex procedures. We hypothesized that a percutaneous radiofrequency lesion of the dorsal root ganglion (RF-DRG) could be a simple and safe alternative trea...

BACKGROUND Many previous studies have demonstrated that botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections satisfactorily reduce spasticity. Nevertheless, BTX-A, with or without an adjuvant therapy, effectively improves the direct functional movement in few patients with spastic upper extremity paralysis. Therefore the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of task-orientated therapy on spasticit...

The aim of this study was to investigate the infl uence of diff erent positions on stretch refl ex activity of knee fl exors and extensors measured by surface electromyography in poststroke patients with spasticity and its expression in the Ashworth scale. Nineteen poststroke patients with lower-limb spasticity participated in this crossover trial, during which stretch refl ex activity was asse...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of different positions on stretch reflex activity of knee flexors and extensors measured by electromyography in poststroke patients with spasticity and its expression in the Ashworth Scale. DESIGN Crossover trial with randomized order of positioning. SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation center in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Poststroke patients (N = 19...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted active cycling is more effective than active cycling without FES concerning walking and balance. Specifically, walking ability was classified as to the amount of personal assistance needed to be able to walk and balance was evaluated for static and dynamic balance tasks. DESIGN Monocentric, randomized, single-blin...

AIM Conventional constraint-based therapies are intensive and demanding to implement, particularly for children. Modified forms of constraint-based therapies that are family-centred may be more acceptable and feasible for families of children with cerebral palsy (CP)-but require rigorous evaluation using randomized trials. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of modified constrain...