While there is a large literature on the economic theory of international standards, and their presumed effects, we know much less about how international standards work in practice. This paper reviews the body of empirical work that has investigated the specific question: How international standards impact on international trade? Do they help or hinder trade? The work reviewed ranges from econ...

A system is said to be fail-secure, sometimes confused with fail-safe, if it maintains its security requirements even in the event of some faults. Fail-secure analyses are required by some validation schemes, such as some Common Criteria or NATO certifications. However, it is an aspect of security which as been overlooked by the community. This paper attempts to shed some light on the failsecur...

Agents typically revise their beliefs when confronted with evidence that contradicts those beliefs, selecting from a number of possible revisions sufficient to reestablish consistency. In cases where an individual’s beliefs concern spatial relations, belief revision has been fruitfully treated as a decision about which features of an initially constructed spatial mental model to modify. A norma...

Because there are di erent types of software e g language application target environment etc di erent software certi cation methodologies are needed Software process improvement schemes have not taken this approach and have therefore suf fered in widespread adoption as a result Their one approach ts all perspective is one reason why we are now seeing more customized process improvement schemes ...

Nowadays, due to the competitive conditions of global market, corporations try to outsource their extraneous processes to third-party suppliers. So, selecting a proper supplier play a significant role in organization success. The supplier selection problem can be viewed as a group decision-making problem with multiple criteria. Since in previous researches the inter relationship between cri...

in this paper, a model for evaluating and ranking constructive projects will be presented. this model is based on six key criteria and a conceptual framework. these main evaluation criteria include: good history, equipment and machinery, management and technical staff, economic - financial skills and experience, and scientific and technical capabilities. these criteria and their weights were de...

nowadays a growing number of implementing informationtechnology service management (itsm) frameworks proves the trends toimprove the it services and processes in organizations. in order toimplement an itsm projects successfully in an organization, it isessential to select a suitable itsm solution. evaluation and selection ofthe itsm software packages is complicated and time consuming decisionma...