Cet article présente les raisons qui ont conduit l’Union européenne à se doter d’une nouvelle directive promouvant des salaires minimaux « adéquats », principaux points figurant dans cette et ses effets attendus ou possibles. Si le contenu du texte est très peu contraignant, il pourrait néanmoins créer une dynamique en faveur am...

The paper introduces a general strategy for identifying strong local minimizers of variational functionals. It is based on the idea that any variation of the integral functional can be evaluated directly in terms of the appropriate parameterized measures. We demonstrate our approach on a problem of W 1,∞ weak-* local minima—a slight weakening of the classical notion of strong local minima. We o...

Q) is given by eqn. 6. Note that E ~ I will have local minima at 0 = U,, ..., a,. Based on the assumptions of zero-mean white noise and independent sources, we can find the estimate SZ of Q from the minima of(l/N)C,N=, E,Z(0, w) (with respect to 0) which lie below a chosen threshold. Sources whose powers cause the corresponding minima to lie above the threshold (i.e. weak sources) will not be d...

In this paper, we study the ability of learning automata-based schemes in escaping from local minima when standard backpropagation (BP) fails to 2nd the global minima. It is demonstrated through simulation that learning automata-based schemes compared to other schemes such as SAB, Super SAB, Fuzzy BP, adaptive steepness method, and variable learning rate method have a higher ability to escape f...