What makes people feel respected or disrespected in political discussions with contrary-minded others? In two survey studies, participants recalled a situation which they had engaged discussion about topic. Study 1 ( n = 126), we used qualitative methods to document wide array of behaviors and expressions that made (dis)respected such discussions, derived list nine motives may have underlain th...

Political discussion is a key mechanism for the development of reasoned opinions and political knowledge, but online has been characterized as uncivil, intolerant, and/or ideologically homogeneous, which detrimental to this development. In paper, we examine role personality in various forms talk—online offline—as well like-minded discussion. Based on 2017 survey conducted United Kingdom, States...

This research aims at discovering the traits and abilities which characterize ideal leaders in the minds of employees in an Iranian context. After employing the strategy of phenomenology to reach the components of ideal leadership, 15 tenured middle managers and employees possessing decent management knowledge in the context were interviewed and after theme analysis, global, basic, and organizi...

This paper explores how open-mindedness and its exercise can be social in nature. In particular, it argues that an individual regarded as open-minded even though she does not conduct all of the intellectual tasks required by herself; is, delegates some these to her epistemic peers. Thinking about such terms only opens up possibility there are different surprising ways for open-minded, but also ...