Abstract Here we explore variation and similarities in the two best-represented population groups who lived during Middle Stone Age Palaeolithic—the Neanderthals Homo sapiens . Building on approaches such as gene-culture co-evolution, propose a four-field model to discuss relationships between human cognitive evolution, biology, technology, society, ecology. We focus pre-50-ka phase, because re...

The Acheulean to Middle Stone Age (MSA) transition is examined from an evolutionary perspective. The replacement of Acheulean handaxes by MSA points represents a shift from hand-held to hafted technology, but the timing and nature of this process are poorly understood due to the rarity of sites from the early MSA (EMSA), here defined as the portion of the MSA predating 130,000 years ago. The we...

Abstract In this brief introduction, we present and contextualise ‘theoretical pathways’ elaborated in special issue, terms of understanding humanity from a deep-time perspective. The participating authors discuss wide range approaches related to thinking about human endeavour during the Middle Stone Age Palaeolithic ranging constraints technological niches Material Engagement Theory aspects pa...

introduction: otosclerosis is a disease of bony labyrinth. structural changes in the labyrinth often cause ossicular fixation, and thus conductive hearing loss. the purpose of this study was to evaluate middle ear exploration findings and frequency of ossicular and footplate area anomalies in patients with suspected otosclerosis referred to amiralmomenin and golsar hospitals in rasht, iran.   m...

Three ;normal' groups of people-young, middle-aged, and old-have been investigated with regard to the fibrin content and fibrinolytic activity of the blood. The fourth group consisted of middle-aged people who had previously sustained a cerebral vascular accident matched statistically for age with the middle-aged normals. It was concluded that fibrin increases with age but there is an interacti...