IMPORTANCE For optimal aesthetic construction of the auricle in patients with severe microtia, it is important to construct an exquisite framework and place it in the correct natural position. In addition to its accurate vertical and sagittal positioning, normal elevation is of utmost importance because this determines the auricular width from the common anterior view in interpersonal communica...

Hereditary malformations of the external ear, such as microtia and auditory meatal atresia, unassociated with other congenital defects or syndromes, are rarely reported in the medical literature. McKenzie (1958) described such deformities of the external ear as one of the phenotypic variations within the category of a 'first arch syndrome' caused by a dominant gene with variable pentrance. Comp...

The synchondrosis between the sixth and seventh costal cartilage is usually used for the base frame in autogenous ear reconstruction. If the synchondrosis is loose, a variety of modifications can be devised. This report introduces new methods for these problems. In cases of incomplete synchondrosis, only the surface of the base block margin was smoothly tapered without carving for the removal o...

introduction: first branchial cleft anomalies manifest with duplication of the external auditory canal.   case report: this report features a rare case of microtia and congenital middle ear and canal cholesteatoma with first branchial fistula. external auditory canal stenosis was complicated by middle ear and external canal cholesteatoma, but branchial fistula, opening in the zygomatic root and...

BACKGROUND The optimal age at which to initiate for auricular reconstruction is controversial. Rib cartilage growth is closely related to age and determines the feasibility and outcomes of auricular reconstruction. We developed a method to guide the timing of auricular reconstruction in children with microtia ranging in age from 5 to 10 years. METHODS Rib cartilage and the healthy ear were as...

The Gupta-Bleuler formalism for photons is generalized by choosing the representation of the little group for massless particles, the two dimensional Euclidian group, to be the four dimensional nonunitary representation obtained by restricting elements of the Lorentz group to the Euclidian group. Though the little group representation is nonunitary, it is shown that the representation of the Po...