Continuous observation of individual motile microorganisms is difficult, since their swimming speed is fast compared with their diameters. In fact, some bacteria can swim as fast as 50 diameters/s [1]. At this speed, microorganisms can quickly go out of the range of static measurement instruments, such as the field of view of optical microscopes. This problem can be solved by tracking the micro...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared as important regulators of various biological processes including development, cancer, immunity, and host-microorganism interactions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the differential expression of host miRNAs upon infection by various microorganisms and the involvement of microorganism-encoded miRNAs in host manipulation. Some of these alterations could be pa...

After more than a decade of planning, three attempts were made in 2012-2013 to access, measure in situ properties and directly sample subglacial Antarctic lake environments. First, Russian scientists drilled into the top of Lake Vostok, allowing lake water to infiltrate, and freeze within, the lower part of the ice-core borehole, from which further coring would recover a frozen sample of surfac...