Alcohol use by a pregnant woman may interfere with the development of her fetus. Newborns whose mothers are intoxicated during delivery can experience withdrawal symptoms, such as tremors and even seizures. It is likely that withdrawal also can occur during fetal development. Thus, the possibility exists that withdrawal by the pregnant woman may exacerbate alcohol’s adverse effects on her fetus...

Campylobacter fetus infection is a substantial problem in herds of domestic cattle worldwide and a rising threat in human disease. Application of comparative and functional genomics approaches will be essential to understand the molecular basis of this pathogen's interactions with various hosts. Here we report recent progress in genome analyses of C. fetus ssp. fetus and C. fetus ssp. venereali...

Abstract Pregnancy constitutes an immunological paradox, where despite the competent maternal immune system, semi-allogeneic fetus evades rejection. The mechanisms at maternal-fetal interface and mother’s secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) that dodge immunologic attack to fetus, remain largely unknown. Passage of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a mechanism cell-to-cell communication transfer ant...

The intrauterine existence of fetus solely depends on one organ “The Placenta”. Placenta is a vital organ playing central role in pregnancy. It maintains pregnancy and promotes normal fetal development and serves as a major organ for transfer of essential elements between mother and fetus. 1 It has a significant role in health of the fetus because it is the sole source of nutrients for the fetu...

The fetus grows at a rate unparalleled by that during any other stage of life. To maintain its rapid growth rate, the fetus requires a significant amount of cholesterol and fatty acids. For structural purposes alone, the fetus requires 1.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of tissue, not including the brain. Cholesterol is also required as a precursor for various steroidogenic hormones that are critic...

In recent experimental studies, we reported the aggravating effects of Asian sand dust (ASD) on male reproductive function in mice. However, the effects of fetal ASD exposure on male reproductive function have not been investigated. The present study investigated the effects of fetal ASD exposure on reproductive function in male offspring. Using pregnant CD1 mice, ASD was administered intratrac...

The circadian rhythm is an endogenous process that has a periodicity of approximately 24 hours and stimulates the anticipation repeated regular events occur daily, enabling regulation most major physiological systems in humans animals. Thus, studies have shown disruption sleep frequent cause series pathologies for general population, including pregnant women their fetus. purpose this article to...

In recent experimental studies, we reported the aggravating effects of Asian sand dust (ASD) on male reproduction in mice. However, the effects of fetal ASD exposure on male reproduction have not been investigated. The present study investigated the effects of fetal ASD exposure on reproduction in male offspring. Using pregnant CD-1 mice, ASD was administered intratracheally on days 7 and 14 of...