Full-length mouse VAMP2-His 6 (pTW2) and the t-SNARE complex between mouse His 6-SNAP-25 and rat syntaxin 1A (pTW34) were expressed and purified as previously described (Melia et al., 2002; Weber et al., 2000). Rat syntaxin 4 and SNAP-23 expression vectors were generated in a similar way as neuronal SNAREs. The proteins were eluted into an OG buffer (25mM HEPES/KOH, pH 7.4, 400 mM KCl, 10% glyc...

Background & Aim: Aphids are of serious pests and vectors of multitude of viral diseases of field crops, vegetables, ‎and greenhouse crops. They have displayed a remarkable ability to establish resistance to ‎almost every insecticide with which it has been treated. To reduce the damage of these pests ‎and dependence on the sometimes unwise use of synthetic pesticides in crop and vegetable ‎plan...

The quality assurance of Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.), a traditional herbal drug of global importance used for the treatment of different ailments, was studied. At global, regional, national and local levels, the end users of this drug face the problem of adulteration. Two different species are commercially marketed in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent under the same trade name of Neem. One is Aza...

A field strain of the German cockroach (Melia), collected from the kitchen of a hotel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia demonstrated moderate resistance to bendiocarb and low resistance to propoxur and deltamethrin when tested with modified W.H.O. glass jar method. Low resistance was also detected when the strain was tested with DDT. Resistance level to bendiocarb and deltamethrin was partially suppres...